Abstract: The Italian Masonry in 1908 was split, exposing the brutal conflict between the "symbolic" and "Scottish." The first fund all their activities on the lodges, which are the Masonic auditorium of the theater and at the time of the split had caused the cave-in to the Declaration of Principles that the Italian Masonry was to follow the address and social democratic political order. The symbols were so much left, while the Scots, on the assumption that Freemasonry is not in politics, masked behind this statement of principle, their tendencies quite right.. "It is the source of the conflict that has lasted to this day between the GOI and the Orthodox Palace Giustiani Scottish Square Gesù.Detto what we come to the relationship between fascism and Freemasonry.
Despite appearances and speeches of Mussolini against Freemasonry were the same relationship with the leader by many Masonic funding beginning with the fascist squads who were preparing to march Rome. The program of the movement for the social part, you put the floor of the Masonic "work democracy" and was developed by Mason Alceste De Ambris. A list of fascist freemasons would be really too long to do it here, just think that Freemasons are also among the founders of the tow Combat in 1919. In 1922 the quadrunvirato who had the task of organizing and commanding the March on Rome: Balbo, De Vecchi, De Bono and White, it was practically all made by Masons but more than anything else, Balbo, and Bianchi now prevailed in the interests and consciousness of fascism.
This is what the time was passing the convent and it will not be a coincidence that for the characters involved in various guises nel caso Matteotti mano a mano che si delineavano responsabilità dirette o indirette emergeva che i soggetti in qualche modo implicati, sia fascisti che di altra estrazione, avevano tutti la tessera della massoneria in tasca, un particolare ricorrente che doveva far riflettere., in un colpo solo, si prefiggeva di mettere a tacere il deputato socialista che minacciava di denunciare grossi scandali di un putrido «ambiente politico affaristico» (come disse Mussolini al socialista Carlo Silvestri) e un capo di governo che con la sua pretesa di imprimere un carattere dirigista alla politica governativa, di aprire ai socialisti unitari, ai confederati e ai popolari le porte del governo e di accarezzare, già dal 1923, l'idea di ricomporre il dissidio tra Church and state, had its place across the world and Masonic Financial Licio Gelli, and even finds place among Masons in the fascist ranks, in fact, began his own ascent within the Fascist regime. After the war, in the Roman prison of Regina Coeli, the future founder of the P2 Lodge, who has never denied his fascist beliefs, shared the cell, and became friends with Prince Junio \u200b\u200bValerio Borghese, the future author of the coup attempt ' 70.
After the elections of 1921 to a lukewarm attitude and distrustful of the Palazzo Giustiniani, he reflected on the contrary a strong approach to Piazza del Gesù policy Fascist Bottai Farinacci and are just two of the names "excellent" by brothers who join the fascist group of the Chamber. So fascism was a parliamentary minority, but later with the great country. Of note, no case, provision of seats in the Grand Council of Fascism, which sees the leaders sit around Mussolini, resembling the Masonic Lodges where the brothers take their places around the Grand Master.
Freemasonry in Piazza del Gesu (Italy National Grand Lodge, Scottish Rite,'s breakaway by the Big East in 1908), led at that time by Vittorio Palermi Raoul, he supported the rise of fascism. But the then Grand Master of the GOI Domitius Torrigiani wished success to the government of Mussolini after the March on Rome. Later, Palermi continued to support fascism, Mussolini coming to give the scarf and the patenting of 33rd degree. Palermi OVRA is also one of the informants, the fascist political police.
While what he said Antonio Gramsci, that Freemasonry was the true and genuine party of the Italian bourgeoisie [viii], it is hard to understand why it supported the rise to power of fascism. Mussolini's movement, in fact, appeared to be as anti-capitalist (despite receiving funding from the largest industrial groups and foreign banks, mostly French, British and Americans, but, you know, pecunia non olet), as well as anti-Bolshevik, anti-Communist and anti-proletarian. Mussolini, nei suoi discorsi demagogici, attaccava sia i grandi industriali sia i proletari. Si presentava quindi come il difensore della piccola e media borghesia, che fu infatti il maggiore sostenitore del fascismo, vedendo in pericolo i propri interessi economici dopo l’occupazione delle fabbriche nel cosiddetto “biennio rosso”. Si unirono così gli industriali del Nord e i latifondisti del Sud, che minacciati dalle lotte degli operai e dei braccianti, trovarono nel fascismo un naturale alleato. Nel blocco confluirono elementi dell’esercito e della burocrazia: quindi una parte non indifferente della base massonica italiana.
Nel febbraio del 1923, Mussolini dette però il via a una campagna antimassonica, impartendo agli iscritti Directive of the Fascist Party to lift any link with the lodges. In 1925 he introduced a law against secret societies, the "Law against Freemasonry," which in reality never explicitly mentions the Masons, but speaks only of "secret combinations and operating in only part of clandestine or covert, and whose members are still bound by secrecy. " In fact, Antonio Gramsci, who on that occasion he gave his only speech in the House, said: "The reality therefore is that the law against Freemasonry is not primarily against the Freemasons, with Masonic fascism comes easily to a compromise. [...] Since the masonry will go into mass the Fascist Party and will constitute a trend. "[ix]
In his speech to the House dated 16 May 1925, Mussolini claimed that Italian society was dominated by a handful of poor men have become powerful because Masons. But in an interview extols the virtues of Freemasonry German, English and American. Three days after the law was passed by the House, with only 289 yes and 4 no. Among the absentees in the vote, the Freemasons and Aldo Finzi Dino Grandi. The same Dino Grandi July 25, 1943, spurred by American Masons (who had a key role in the Allied landing in Sicily), orchestrated the fall of Mussolini presented the agenda for that mistrust.
And by the way of the Fascist Grand Council, is to be noted that four-fifths of the Grand Council, which declared illegal the Freemasons were formed by Masons. Mussolini seemed indomitable against Freemasonry: he was one of the few socialists in not wearing the apron. However, entrust the destinies of the country's financial and industrial figures such as Alberto Beneduce (father of Enrico Cuccia), socialist and freemason, who chose to create the Duce IRI, the Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, and later to reorganize the Bank of Italy.
After the '25 Act, in addition to the Masons openly anti-fascist, there were some who chose the path of moderation and of warm, giving a esprimere qualsiasi forma di dissenso: così facendo, alcuni massoni continuarono a godere nella società italiana di posizioni anche altamente prestigiose. Questo è il caso, per esempio, oltre che del già citato Beneduce, anche del favorito di Giovanni Agnelli: Vittorio Valletta, direttore generale e amministratore delegato della Fiat dal 1929 al 1946, quando ne divenne presidente.
Ma se il Duce, almeno a parole e negli atti pubblici e ufficiali, si scagliava contro la massoneria, non fu così duro nei confronti dei Rosa Croce. Una figura chiave nei rapporti tra Rosa Croce e Mussolini fu Giuseppe Cambareri. Teosofo, rosacruciano ed esoterista, si presentò quale antimassone, giacché i massoni erano ormai troppo embroiled in politics and then counter-initiation. Mussolini was he who proposed to use the "Rosicrucian Fraternitas Antiqua" as a means to alleviate the isolation of Italy, or at least circumvent the economic sanctions approved by the Masonic League of Nations after the Italian attack Ethiopia. Italy was accused of having bombed civilian targets, of having used poison gas and hitting targets protected by the (Masonic) Red Cross. The effort went on for several years, at least until 1938. On March 5, 1937 Mussolini received at the Palazzo Venezia 120 U.S. Rosicrucian dell'AMORC Harvey Spencer Lewis. Through the mediation e l’attivismo di Cambareri molti antichi massoni tornarono a ronzare attorno ai poteri forti. Un percorso culminato nella massonica Conferenza di Monaco.
Infine, i simboli. Fondamentali per capire sia la massoneria che il fascismo. Solo per fare un esempio, il sigillo del Rito Simbolico Italiano (il Rito simbolico non procedette, a differenza del Grande Oriente d'Italia e dei Riti ad esso afferenti, a dichiarare il proprio scioglimento per mettere al sicuro i membri dalla repressione del regime. Tuttavia, sarà solo con il dopoguerra che le attività potranno riprendere regolarmente, soprattutto dopo che le Costituzioni del Grande Oriente d'Italia del 1949 sancirono definitivamente la separazione delle prerogative tra Riti e Ordine), oltre to contain the usual Masonic symbols (star, square, compass), consists of an eagle above a fasces. Much like the arms of the Roman Republic of 1848-49, and the same eagle with the fasces, which is at the center of the flag of the Italian Social Republic puppet state created by the Nazis and Mussolini in Salo, in the aftermath of the armistice 8 September 1943. Sources
http://poteriocculti.mastertopforum.biz/1-vt165.html?start=0
http://fncrsi.altervista.org/Mussolini_massoneria.htm
http://www.centrostudilaruna.it/fascismomassoneria.html
http://www.rinascita.eu/index.php?action=news&id=3539
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rito_Simbolico_Italiano
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